The Very Picture of a Modern Gal

"She was blind and insensible to many things, and dimly knew it; but to all that was light and air, perfume and colour, every drop of blood in her responded. She loved the roughness of the dry mountain grass under her palms, the smell of the thyme into which she crushed her face, the fingering of the wind in her hair and through her cotton blouse, and the creak of the larches as they swayed to it."

"She had learned what she was worth when Lucius Harney, looking at her for the first time, had lost the thread of his speech, and leaned reddening on the edge of her desk. But another kind of shyness had been born in her: a terror of exposing to vulgar perils the sacred treasure of her happiness."

These passages of Edith Wharton's Summer may have been the author's sense of irony at work; however, it may have also been an indirect attack on common thinking of the time. Women were often correlated with nature and men with science or engineering, such as "Mother" Nature and "Father" Time (which may say something for the reiteration of the lack of men in North Dormer during the day). A woman's value was also tied to her responsibilities which were inevitably tied to her husband or lover. The first passage may relate to Charity's origins and the latter is a juxtaposition of her feelings for Royall. Sadly, I'm disgusted and frustrated with Charity. She seeks to be independent and fails time and again, placing such great value such as Harney or a branch of flowers. Not that one can't enjoy nature! It's simply that I'm left to wonder if her enjoyment of it is pure and true rather than an adherence to the stereotype. In the end, Charity seems horribly selfish and childish and inevitably reemphasizes perpetuated stereotypes, such as those of Gilman's "The Yellow Wallpaper" and Syfers' "Why I want a Wife".